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Jackson Laboratory lepr cre
a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Lepr Cre, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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1) Product Images from "GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis"

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

Journal: Nature Communications

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Figure Legend Snippet: a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Techniques Used: Knock-Out, Control, Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence

In vivo BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation of LepR-tdTomato+ cells in the peri-implant region. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown for LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ , a , b ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f , c , d ). Scale bar, 500 µm. Panels b and d are magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( a and c ), respectively (scale bar, 50 µm). μCT 3D reconstructions of bone nodules generated from transplanted Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells derived from from LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ ; e ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f ; j ) (scale bar, 500 µm). f Representative immunofluorescence of a bone nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( g ), von Kossa ( h ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( i ) staining of nodules derived from Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bars, 50 µm). k Representative immunofluorescence of a nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( l ), von Kossa ( m ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( n ) staining of nodules derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bars, 50 µm). o Quantification of BrdU + LepR-tdTomato + cells in the peri-implant region ( N = 5 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). p, μCT quantification of bone volume of nodules derived from Lin− LepR-tdTomato + cells from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre ; Grem1 f/f ( N = 6 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). Each dot in o and p denotes a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( a – n ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Figure Legend Snippet: In vivo BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation of LepR-tdTomato+ cells in the peri-implant region. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown for LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ , a , b ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f , c , d ). Scale bar, 500 µm. Panels b and d are magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( a and c ), respectively (scale bar, 50 µm). μCT 3D reconstructions of bone nodules generated from transplanted Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells derived from from LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ ; e ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f ; j ) (scale bar, 500 µm). f Representative immunofluorescence of a bone nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( g ), von Kossa ( h ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( i ) staining of nodules derived from Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bars, 50 µm). k Representative immunofluorescence of a nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( l ), von Kossa ( m ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( n ) staining of nodules derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bars, 50 µm). o Quantification of BrdU + LepR-tdTomato + cells in the peri-implant region ( N = 5 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). p, μCT quantification of bone volume of nodules derived from Lin− LepR-tdTomato + cells from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre ; Grem1 f/f ( N = 6 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). Each dot in o and p denotes a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( a – n ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Techniques Used: In Vivo, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Generated, Derivative Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

a Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq performed after FACS isolation of Lepr-tdTomato + populations from Lepr cre/+ (cont) and Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f (flox) mice subjected to fibrous-integration surgery and harvested at postoperative day 14. b BMP pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. c WNT pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. LepR-tdTomato with pSMAD staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( d ) and LepR cre/+ ( e ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in d and e (scale bar, 50 µm). LepR-tdTomato with active β-catenin staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( f ) and LepR cre/+ ( g ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( f and g ) (scale bar, 50 µm). Images in ( d – g ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. h Quantification of pSMAD + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Quantification of active β-catenin + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Figure Legend Snippet: a Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq performed after FACS isolation of Lepr-tdTomato + populations from Lepr cre/+ (cont) and Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f (flox) mice subjected to fibrous-integration surgery and harvested at postoperative day 14. b BMP pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. c WNT pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. LepR-tdTomato with pSMAD staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( d ) and LepR cre/+ ( e ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in d and e (scale bar, 50 µm). LepR-tdTomato with active β-catenin staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( f ) and LepR cre/+ ( g ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( f and g ) (scale bar, 50 µm). Images in ( d – g ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. h Quantification of pSMAD + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Quantification of active β-catenin + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Techniques Used: RNA Sequencing, Isolation, Staining, Two Tailed Test

a Study design for intra-articular anti-GREM1 administration to prevent peri-implant fibrosis. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery and were then randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype control. Created in BioRender,v(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae at postoperative day 14 from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant bone ( f ) and peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence images from isotype-treated (left) and anti-GREM1-treated (right) proximal tibiae. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence at day 14 of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( j ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at postoperative day 1 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing at postoperative day 14: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) (isotype n = 10; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Figure Legend Snippet: a Study design for intra-articular anti-GREM1 administration to prevent peri-implant fibrosis. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery and were then randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype control. Created in BioRender,v(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae at postoperative day 14 from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant bone ( f ) and peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence images from isotype-treated (left) and anti-GREM1-treated (right) proximal tibiae. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence at day 14 of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( j ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at postoperative day 1 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing at postoperative day 14: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) (isotype n = 10; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Techniques Used: Control, Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence

a Treatment paradigm for reversal of peri-implant fibrosis via intra-articular anti-GREM1. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery; at postoperative day 14, mice were randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype for 14 days.Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ), trabecular number ( d ), and trabecular spacing ( f ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae from anti-GREM1 versus isotype groups (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) and peri-implant bone ( h ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). j Representative immunofluorescence images of proximal tibiae from isotype (left) and anti-GREM1 (right) groups. Scale bar, 500 µm. Middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( l ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). m Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+CD200+ cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( n ) and work to failure ( o ) (isotype n = 9; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c – d , f – g , h – i , and k – o ) corresponds to a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and j ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Figure Legend Snippet: a Treatment paradigm for reversal of peri-implant fibrosis via intra-articular anti-GREM1. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery; at postoperative day 14, mice were randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype for 14 days.Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ), trabecular number ( d ), and trabecular spacing ( f ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae from anti-GREM1 versus isotype groups (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) and peri-implant bone ( h ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). j Representative immunofluorescence images of proximal tibiae from isotype (left) and anti-GREM1 (right) groups. Scale bar, 500 µm. Middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( l ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). m Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+CD200+ cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( n ) and work to failure ( o ) (isotype n = 9; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c – d , f – g , h – i , and k – o ) corresponds to a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and j ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Techniques Used: Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence



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Jackson Laboratory lepr cre
a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Lepr Cre, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/lepr cre/product/Jackson Laboratory
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
lepr cre - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
86/100 stars
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Jackson Laboratory b6 129 cg leprtm2 cre rck j lepr cre
a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
B6 129 Cg Leprtm2 Cre Rck J Lepr Cre, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Jackson Laboratory lepr cre b6 129 cg lepr tm2 cre rck
a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
Lepr Cre B6 129 Cg Lepr Tm2 Cre Rck, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Jackson Laboratory lepr ires cre
(A) Immunostaining of axonal fibers in Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice transduced with Gq-DREADD (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry). Axonal projections were identified in a variety of downstream regions, including the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), periacqueductal grey (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), and raphe pallidus (RPa). ( B) Optogenetic branch stimulation of hindbrain-projecting avPOA Vglut2 neurons. Blue bars correspond to regions targeted for optogenetic stimulation via cannula implantation and subsequent exposure to 455 nm blue light. (C) ( Left) Glucose tolerance testing of Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent ChR2 (AAV-DIO-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP) or EYFP (AAV-DIO-EYFP) with optic fibers placed unilaterally above either the POA, POA→DMH-projecting neurons, or POA→RPA-projecting neurons. (Right) AUC of GTT for each cohort described (ns = p > 0.05, ** = p < 0.005, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n = 4 EYFP, n = 4 POA, n = 3 POA→DMH, n = 3 POA→RPa Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals). (D) UMAP plot and Leiden clustering of all avPOA Vglut2 neurons identified in Hrvatin et al., 2020. (E) UMAP plot of avPOA Vglut2 neurons colored by Adcyap1 and LepR expression. (F) Schematic showing four groups of animals: mCherry (mCherry-transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre, n = 11), Vglut2 (Gq-DREADD transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre ) (n=10), PACAP (Gq-DREADD-transduced PACAP-2A-Cre ) (n=11), and <t>LepR</t> <t>(Gq-DREADD-transduced</t> <t>LepR-IRES-Cre</t> (n=3) animals injected with 1 mg/kg CNO. (G) Glucose tolerance test of mCherry (avPOA Vglut2-mCherry ), Vglut2 (avPOA Vglut2-Gq ), PACAP (avPOA PACAP-Gq ), and LepR (avPOA LepR-Gq ), animals from (F). (H) AUC analysis for (G) (** = p < 0.05, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n=7 avPOA Vglut2-mCherry , n = 10 avPOA Vglut2-Gq , n = 11 avPOA PACAP-Gq , n = 3 avPOA LepR-Gq animals). ( I) Volcano Plot of 120-minute polar metabolomics of PACAP-2A-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent Gq-DREADD and injected with either PBS or CNO (1 mg/kg). Animals were treated as in . Selected overrepresented and underrepresented metabolites labeled in red and blue, respectively. p-values calculated using two-tailed t-test; red lines corresponding to p-value and Log 2 -Fold changes set at p < 0.05 and |Log 2 -Fold change| > 0.6.
Lepr Ires Cre, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Jackson Laboratory lepr cre mice
(A) Immunostaining of axonal fibers in Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice transduced with Gq-DREADD (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry). Axonal projections were identified in a variety of downstream regions, including the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), periacqueductal grey (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), and raphe pallidus (RPa). ( B) Optogenetic branch stimulation of hindbrain-projecting avPOA Vglut2 neurons. Blue bars correspond to regions targeted for optogenetic stimulation via cannula implantation and subsequent exposure to 455 nm blue light. (C) ( Left) Glucose tolerance testing of Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent ChR2 (AAV-DIO-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP) or EYFP (AAV-DIO-EYFP) with optic fibers placed unilaterally above either the POA, POA→DMH-projecting neurons, or POA→RPA-projecting neurons. (Right) AUC of GTT for each cohort described (ns = p > 0.05, ** = p < 0.005, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n = 4 EYFP, n = 4 POA, n = 3 POA→DMH, n = 3 POA→RPa Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals). (D) UMAP plot and Leiden clustering of all avPOA Vglut2 neurons identified in Hrvatin et al., 2020. (E) UMAP plot of avPOA Vglut2 neurons colored by Adcyap1 and LepR expression. (F) Schematic showing four groups of animals: mCherry (mCherry-transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre, n = 11), Vglut2 (Gq-DREADD transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre ) (n=10), PACAP (Gq-DREADD-transduced PACAP-2A-Cre ) (n=11), and <t>LepR</t> <t>(Gq-DREADD-transduced</t> <t>LepR-IRES-Cre</t> (n=3) animals injected with 1 mg/kg CNO. (G) Glucose tolerance test of mCherry (avPOA Vglut2-mCherry ), Vglut2 (avPOA Vglut2-Gq ), PACAP (avPOA PACAP-Gq ), and LepR (avPOA LepR-Gq ), animals from (F). (H) AUC analysis for (G) (** = p < 0.05, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n=7 avPOA Vglut2-mCherry , n = 10 avPOA Vglut2-Gq , n = 11 avPOA PACAP-Gq , n = 3 avPOA LepR-Gq animals). ( I) Volcano Plot of 120-minute polar metabolomics of PACAP-2A-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent Gq-DREADD and injected with either PBS or CNO (1 mg/kg). Animals were treated as in . Selected overrepresented and underrepresented metabolites labeled in red and blue, respectively. p-values calculated using two-tailed t-test; red lines corresponding to p-value and Log 2 -Fold changes set at p < 0.05 and |Log 2 -Fold change| > 0.6.
Lepr Cre Mice, supplied by Jackson Laboratory, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Image Search Results


a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Conditional knockout strategy for Grem1 in LEPR-lineage cells (LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ) and the corresponding cre-only littermate control (LepR cre/+ ). Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT reconstructions of proximal tibiae from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice at postoperative day 14 after fibrous-integration surgery. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rasterized area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( f ) and peri-implant bone ( g ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 13; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 14; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence showing LepR-tdTomato (red) and CD200 (green) in peri-implant fibrotic tissue. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of the boxed regions (LepR cre/+ (red box); LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f (blue box)). Scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( j ) and CD200+ LepR-tdTomato+ cells ( k ) at day 14 ( n = 6 for LepR cre/+ and Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l, Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at day 14 ( n = 5 for LepR cre/+ and LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) at day 14 (LepR cre/+ n = 22; LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f n = 20; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Lepr-cre (Stock 008320), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Stock 007909), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-iDTR (Stock 007900), S100a4-GFP (Stock 012893), NSG-EGFP (Stock 021937) mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.

Techniques: Knock-Out, Control, Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence

In vivo BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation of LepR-tdTomato+ cells in the peri-implant region. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown for LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ , a , b ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f , c , d ). Scale bar, 500 µm. Panels b and d are magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( a and c ), respectively (scale bar, 50 µm). μCT 3D reconstructions of bone nodules generated from transplanted Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells derived from from LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ ; e ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f ; j ) (scale bar, 500 µm). f Representative immunofluorescence of a bone nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( g ), von Kossa ( h ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( i ) staining of nodules derived from Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bars, 50 µm). k Representative immunofluorescence of a nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( l ), von Kossa ( m ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( n ) staining of nodules derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bars, 50 µm). o Quantification of BrdU + LepR-tdTomato + cells in the peri-implant region ( N = 5 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). p, μCT quantification of bone volume of nodules derived from Lin− LepR-tdTomato + cells from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre ; Grem1 f/f ( N = 6 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). Each dot in o and p denotes a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( a – n ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo BrdU incorporation to assess proliferation of LepR-tdTomato+ cells in the peri-implant region. Representative immunofluorescence images are shown for LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ , a , b ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f , c , d ). Scale bar, 500 µm. Panels b and d are magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( a and c ), respectively (scale bar, 50 µm). μCT 3D reconstructions of bone nodules generated from transplanted Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells derived from from LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 +/+ (Lepr cre/+ ; e ) and LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato ; Grem1 f/f (Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f ; j ) (scale bar, 500 µm). f Representative immunofluorescence of a bone nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( g ), von Kossa ( h ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( i ) staining of nodules derived from Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ . (scale bars, 50 µm). k Representative immunofluorescence of a nodule derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bar, 50 µm). Representative Movat pentachrome ( l ), von Kossa ( m ), and Safranin O–Fast Green ( n ) staining of nodules derived Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/ (scale bars, 50 µm). o Quantification of BrdU + LepR-tdTomato + cells in the peri-implant region ( N = 5 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). p, μCT quantification of bone volume of nodules derived from Lin− LepR-tdTomato + cells from LepR cre/+ and LepR cre ; Grem1 f/f ( N = 6 per group; mean ± s.d.; two-tailed unpaired t test). Each dot in o and p denotes a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( a – n ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Lepr-cre (Stock 008320), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Stock 007909), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-iDTR (Stock 007900), S100a4-GFP (Stock 012893), NSG-EGFP (Stock 021937) mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.

Techniques: In Vivo, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Generated, Derivative Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

a Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq performed after FACS isolation of Lepr-tdTomato + populations from Lepr cre/+ (cont) and Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f (flox) mice subjected to fibrous-integration surgery and harvested at postoperative day 14. b BMP pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. c WNT pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. LepR-tdTomato with pSMAD staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( d ) and LepR cre/+ ( e ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in d and e (scale bar, 50 µm). LepR-tdTomato with active β-catenin staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( f ) and LepR cre/+ ( g ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( f and g ) (scale bar, 50 µm). Images in ( d – g ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. h Quantification of pSMAD + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Quantification of active β-catenin + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq performed after FACS isolation of Lepr-tdTomato + populations from Lepr cre/+ (cont) and Lepr cre/+ Grem1 f/f (flox) mice subjected to fibrous-integration surgery and harvested at postoperative day 14. b BMP pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. c WNT pathway genes are significantly enriched in Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells isolated from Lepr cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f mice compared with Lin − LepR-tdTomato + cells from Lepr cre/+ controls. LepR-tdTomato with pSMAD staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( d ) and LepR cre/+ ( e ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in d and e (scale bar, 50 µm). LepR-tdTomato with active β-catenin staining in peri-implant fibrotic tissue at day 14 for LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f ( f ) and LepR cre/+ ( g ). Scale bar, 500 µm. The right columns show magnified views of the yellow boxed regions in ( f and g ) (scale bar, 50 µm). Images in ( d – g ) are representative of at least three independent experiments. h Quantification of pSMAD + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Quantification of active β-catenin + LepR-tdTomato + cells in LepR cre/+ ; Grem1 f/f versus LepR cre/+ mice at day 14 ( n = 6 per group; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Lepr-cre (Stock 008320), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Stock 007909), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-iDTR (Stock 007900), S100a4-GFP (Stock 012893), NSG-EGFP (Stock 021937) mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Isolation, Staining, Two Tailed Test

a Study design for intra-articular anti-GREM1 administration to prevent peri-implant fibrosis. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery and were then randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype control. Created in BioRender,v(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae at postoperative day 14 from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant bone ( f ) and peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence images from isotype-treated (left) and anti-GREM1-treated (right) proximal tibiae. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence at day 14 of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( j ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at postoperative day 1 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing at postoperative day 14: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) (isotype n = 10; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Study design for intra-articular anti-GREM1 administration to prevent peri-implant fibrosis. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery and were then randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype control. Created in BioRender,v(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae at postoperative day 14 from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ) and trabecular thickness ( d ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae at day 14 (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant bone ( f ) and peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) (anti-GREM1 n = 4; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). h Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+ cells at day 14 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Representative immunofluorescence images from isotype-treated (left) and anti-GREM1-treated (right) proximal tibiae. Scale bar, 500 µm. The middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence at day 14 of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( j ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). l Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + CD200 + cells at postoperative day 1 (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing at postoperative day 14: failure load ( m ) and work to failure ( n ) (isotype n = 10; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c , d , f , g , h , and j – n ) represents a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and i ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Lepr-cre (Stock 008320), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Stock 007909), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-iDTR (Stock 007900), S100a4-GFP (Stock 012893), NSG-EGFP (Stock 021937) mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.

Techniques: Control, Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence

a Treatment paradigm for reversal of peri-implant fibrosis via intra-articular anti-GREM1. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery; at postoperative day 14, mice were randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype for 14 days.Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ), trabecular number ( d ), and trabecular spacing ( f ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae from anti-GREM1 versus isotype groups (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) and peri-implant bone ( h ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). j Representative immunofluorescence images of proximal tibiae from isotype (left) and anti-GREM1 (right) groups. Scale bar, 500 µm. Middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( l ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). m Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+CD200+ cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( n ) and work to failure ( o ) (isotype n = 9; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c – d , f – g , h – i , and k – o ) corresponds to a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and j ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70111-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Treatment paradigm for reversal of peri-implant fibrosis via intra-articular anti-GREM1. All LepR cre ;Rosa26 tdtomato mice underwent fibrous-integration surgery; at postoperative day 14, mice were randomized to receive intra-articular anti-GREM1 or isotype for 14 days.Created in BioRender.,v.(2025) https://BioRender.com/i4syixo . b μCT of proximal tibiae from mice treated with anti-GREM1 or isotype. Scale bar, 500 µm. Yellow rastered area indicates implant; red rastered area indicates fibrotic area. BV/TV ( c ), trabecular number ( d ), and trabecular spacing ( f ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). e H&E staining of proximal tibiae from anti-GREM1 versus isotype groups (scale bar, 500 µm). Histologic quantification of peri-implant fibrosis ( g ) and peri-implant bone ( h ) (anti-GREM1 n = 5; isotype n = 4; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). i Flow cytometric quantification of Lin - LepR-tdTomato + cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). j Representative immunofluorescence images of proximal tibiae from isotype (left) and anti-GREM1 (right) groups. Scale bar, 500 µm. Middle row shows magnified views of boxed regions (isotype red box; anti-GREM1 blue box) (scale bar, 50 µm). Quantification from immunofluorescence of peri-implant LepR-tdTomato + cells ( k ) and CD200 + LepR-tdTomato + cells ( l ) (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). m Flow cytometric quantification of Lin− LepR-tdTomato+CD200+ cells (isotype n = 4; anti-GREM1 n = 5; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Pullout testing: failure load ( n ) and work to failure ( o ) (isotype n = 9; anti-GREM1 n = 10; unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test; mean ± s.d.). Each dot in ( c – d , f – g , h – i , and k – o ) corresponds to a biologically independent replicate. Images in ( b , e , and j ) are representative of at least three independent biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Lepr-cre (Stock 008320), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato (Stock 007909), Rosa26-CAG-loxp-stop-loxp-iDTR (Stock 007900), S100a4-GFP (Stock 012893), NSG-EGFP (Stock 021937) mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.

Techniques: Two Tailed Test, Staining, Immunofluorescence

(A) Immunostaining of axonal fibers in Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice transduced with Gq-DREADD (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry). Axonal projections were identified in a variety of downstream regions, including the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), periacqueductal grey (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), and raphe pallidus (RPa). ( B) Optogenetic branch stimulation of hindbrain-projecting avPOA Vglut2 neurons. Blue bars correspond to regions targeted for optogenetic stimulation via cannula implantation and subsequent exposure to 455 nm blue light. (C) ( Left) Glucose tolerance testing of Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent ChR2 (AAV-DIO-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP) or EYFP (AAV-DIO-EYFP) with optic fibers placed unilaterally above either the POA, POA→DMH-projecting neurons, or POA→RPA-projecting neurons. (Right) AUC of GTT for each cohort described (ns = p > 0.05, ** = p < 0.005, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n = 4 EYFP, n = 4 POA, n = 3 POA→DMH, n = 3 POA→RPa Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals). (D) UMAP plot and Leiden clustering of all avPOA Vglut2 neurons identified in Hrvatin et al., 2020. (E) UMAP plot of avPOA Vglut2 neurons colored by Adcyap1 and LepR expression. (F) Schematic showing four groups of animals: mCherry (mCherry-transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre, n = 11), Vglut2 (Gq-DREADD transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre ) (n=10), PACAP (Gq-DREADD-transduced PACAP-2A-Cre ) (n=11), and LepR (Gq-DREADD-transduced LepR-IRES-Cre (n=3) animals injected with 1 mg/kg CNO. (G) Glucose tolerance test of mCherry (avPOA Vglut2-mCherry ), Vglut2 (avPOA Vglut2-Gq ), PACAP (avPOA PACAP-Gq ), and LepR (avPOA LepR-Gq ), animals from (F). (H) AUC analysis for (G) (** = p < 0.05, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n=7 avPOA Vglut2-mCherry , n = 10 avPOA Vglut2-Gq , n = 11 avPOA PACAP-Gq , n = 3 avPOA LepR-Gq animals). ( I) Volcano Plot of 120-minute polar metabolomics of PACAP-2A-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent Gq-DREADD and injected with either PBS or CNO (1 mg/kg). Animals were treated as in . Selected overrepresented and underrepresented metabolites labeled in red and blue, respectively. p-values calculated using two-tailed t-test; red lines corresponding to p-value and Log 2 -Fold changes set at p < 0.05 and |Log 2 -Fold change| > 0.6.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A Preoptic Neurocircuit That Modulates Metabolic Flexibility

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.15.699760

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Immunostaining of axonal fibers in Vglut2-IRES-Cre mice transduced with Gq-DREADD (AAV-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry). Axonal projections were identified in a variety of downstream regions, including the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), periacqueductal grey (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), and raphe pallidus (RPa). ( B) Optogenetic branch stimulation of hindbrain-projecting avPOA Vglut2 neurons. Blue bars correspond to regions targeted for optogenetic stimulation via cannula implantation and subsequent exposure to 455 nm blue light. (C) ( Left) Glucose tolerance testing of Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent ChR2 (AAV-DIO-ChR2(H134R)-EYFP) or EYFP (AAV-DIO-EYFP) with optic fibers placed unilaterally above either the POA, POA→DMH-projecting neurons, or POA→RPA-projecting neurons. (Right) AUC of GTT for each cohort described (ns = p > 0.05, ** = p < 0.005, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n = 4 EYFP, n = 4 POA, n = 3 POA→DMH, n = 3 POA→RPa Vglut2-IRES-Cre animals). (D) UMAP plot and Leiden clustering of all avPOA Vglut2 neurons identified in Hrvatin et al., 2020. (E) UMAP plot of avPOA Vglut2 neurons colored by Adcyap1 and LepR expression. (F) Schematic showing four groups of animals: mCherry (mCherry-transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre, n = 11), Vglut2 (Gq-DREADD transduced Vglut2-IRES-Cre ) (n=10), PACAP (Gq-DREADD-transduced PACAP-2A-Cre ) (n=11), and LepR (Gq-DREADD-transduced LepR-IRES-Cre (n=3) animals injected with 1 mg/kg CNO. (G) Glucose tolerance test of mCherry (avPOA Vglut2-mCherry ), Vglut2 (avPOA Vglut2-Gq ), PACAP (avPOA PACAP-Gq ), and LepR (avPOA LepR-Gq ), animals from (F). (H) AUC analysis for (G) (** = p < 0.05, student’s two-tailed t-test, mean ±SEM, n=7 avPOA Vglut2-mCherry , n = 10 avPOA Vglut2-Gq , n = 11 avPOA PACAP-Gq , n = 3 avPOA LepR-Gq animals). ( I) Volcano Plot of 120-minute polar metabolomics of PACAP-2A-Cre animals transduced with a Cre-dependent Gq-DREADD and injected with either PBS or CNO (1 mg/kg). Animals were treated as in . Selected overrepresented and underrepresented metabolites labeled in red and blue, respectively. p-values calculated using two-tailed t-test; red lines corresponding to p-value and Log 2 -Fold changes set at p < 0.05 and |Log 2 -Fold change| > 0.6.

Article Snippet: For natural, chemogenetic, and optogenetic torpor experiments, we used 8-12-week-old Vglut2-IRES-Cre (The Jackson Laboratory, Stock 028863), Adcyap1-2A-Cre (The Jackson Laboratory, Stock 030155), and Lepr-IRES-Cre (The Jackson Laboratory, Strain 008320) mice.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Transduction, Two Tailed Test, Expressing, Injection, Labeling